Dog pathologies

Anemia is defined by a decrease in the level of circulating functional hemoglobin.

This lack leads to poor transport of oxygen by the blood.

A dog with anemia will show the following symptoms: weight loss, lack of appetite, unusual fatigue, palpitations, pale mucous membranes of the mouth, eyes and genitals which are usually pink.

The diagnosis can only be confirmed by a laboratory blood test.

These anemias have the common characteristic of the absence of marrow response to erythrocyte deficiency.

The common hematological manifestation of these anemias is a low reticulocyte level despite the anemia.

The dog presenting this type of anemia will develop the same symptoms as in so-called standard anemia.

The diagnosis must be confirmed by a laboratory blood test.

Significant decrease or complete loss of appetite. Symptom common to many diseases. Diagnosis can be facilitated by using an etiological classification
which distinguishes:

• Primary anorexia where the process
  pathological directly affects the hypothalamic appetite centers.

• Secondary anorexia where the cause, located in
  outside the brain, affects the nervous and endocrine control of hunger.

• Pseudo anorexia in which the animal does not
  unable to satisfy his hunger due to conditions affecting the
  mechanisms of gripping, chewing and swallowing food.

• Anorexia

More or less intense pain preventing the dog from moving, eating, sleeping comfortably without apparent difficulty.

Analgesics include medications that reduce or eliminate painful sensations.

Painkillers are meant to work on present pain, while analgesics also take pain prevention into account.

A diagnosis is recommended to find out the causes of the pain present in the dog.

Dog presenting dry, non-productive, chronic or occasional coughs which fatigue the animal and maintain irritation of the mucous membrane.

Behavioral disorder appearing in the pre-pubertal period when the dog separates from the person(s) to whom it is attached.

The symptoms are as follows: Destruction of furniture, scattered urination and defecation, vocalizations (whining, howling, barking).

This should be treated with antidepressants combined with behavioral therapy.

Inflammations, particularly of the dog's joints.

Arthritis triggers inflammation which causes marked swelling and possibly loss of support in one or a few joints.

This may possibly be due to periarticular trauma or inflammation, or even to a distant source of infection (omphalitis, genital or skin infection).

A radiological examination will clarify the prognosis.

Please note that certain joint pains felt by dogs can cause intestinal pain.

Joint disorder essentially characterized by the progressive destruction of articular cartilage, associated with the formation of marginal osteophytes and changes in the subchondral bone and the synovial membrane.

Osteoarthritis in dogs is characterized by pain then a progression towards ankylosis, it is the most common joint pathological process in dogs.

The essential symptoms are: cold pain, possibility of acute episodes with cries and loss of support.

The latter takes into account the age of the dog and its breed, however good x-rays will be required to see the extent of the damage to the joint(s).

Degenerative disorder of the spine leading to the formation of osteophytes that can weld together several vertebral bodies and promote weakening of the annulus fibrosus and disc herniation.

Primary osteoarthritis is due to age-related degeneration of cartilage.

Secondary osteoarthritis is due to a pathology (disease or trauma) which will subsequently lead to osteoarthritis.

The articulation allows movements.

It is the place where two bone ends, covered in cartilage, meet and articulate.

The joint is delimited by a fibrous envelope, the capsule, covered
by the synovial membrane which produces the synovial fluid nourishing the
cartilage and lubricant.

Around the joint are the ligaments and muscles attached to the bones thanks to the tendons.

Lameness is characterized by more or less intense pain which is noticed by the dog's difficulty in moving.

There is a list of conditions to look for when a lameness is localized to a specific joint: shoulder lameness, elbow lameness, carpal lameness, hip lameness, stifle lameness or even tarsal lameness.

A veterinary diagnosis is obviously necessary.

Bronchitis represents an inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, a tissue lining the bronchi.

It generally results in difficulty breathing and slight fatigue.

Nasal secretions may appear and in certain cases of acute bronchitis the animal's throat may be inflamed and therefore prevent it from eating properly.

Bronchopneumonia is purulent inflammation of the bronchioles and the alveoli that depend on them.

The essential symptoms to remember are: Dyspnea, marked,
with jerky respiratory curve, small, short, painful and hacking abortive cough, fever with irregular hyperthermia and marked impairment of the general condition, possibly associated myocarditis.

The radiological signs are discreet at the beginning of the course, then diffuse radiopacities in spots and alveolar bronchograms.

These are crystals that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain.

Veterinarians also use the term urolithiasis because these crystals can be found in the rest of the urinary tract: in the bladder, urethra or ureters.

We therefore call gallstones the formation of stones inside the gallbladder, the organ which stores the ball secreted by the liver.

Seizures often occur outside of meals taken by the animal.

Symptoms may be as follows: fever, abnormally yellow color of the skin, very intense and sudden pain on the right side of the abdomen which persists for more than 6 hours, persistent vomiting.

It is a myocardial disorder, the main presenting symptoms are those of heart failure: Dyspnea, cough, ascites, fatigue, weight loss).

The particularity of this pathology is the speed of installation and the age of the dog.

It will be necessary to carry out a precise diagnosis in order to best identify the angles of attack of the treatment.

Contagious, virulent and inoculable disease of dogs.

This pathology is due to a specific virus characterized clinically by polymorphic symptoms of damage to the viscera and epithelial tissues and whose evolution is often fatal.

The incubation period is approximately 3 to 7 days, symptoms are
the following: persistent hyperthermia, oculo-nasal catarrh, symptoms
digestive symptoms, respiratory symptoms, nervous symptoms, skin symptoms.

Various abnormalities in the development of growth cartilages cause imbalances and/or lameness.

The anomalies are particularly spectacular on the bones of the forearm, the growth of which must be synchronous.

The radiological diagnosis must be particularly early.

Abnormality of endochondral ossification leading to shortening, usually associated with limb curvature.

Considered normal in chondrodystrophy breeds, this aspect can be found accidentally in other cases: German Shepherd, Malamute and corresponds to a genetic failure.

Physiological process in dogs, it is a frequent reason for consultation.

This process replaces the fur, not to the point of baldness but in successive micro sectors, like a mosaic.

If hair loss is considered excessive by the owner, it will be appropriate to focus on the different causes of inflammation with skin lesions that can cause it: discreet bacterial folliculitis, dermatophytes, parasitoses, etc.

Behavioral disorders manifest themselves in different ways: Aggression, puppy separation anxiety, coprophagia, acute, chronic and involutional depression, enuresis, encopresis, psychotropic drugs.

It is the rarefied, possibly painful, emission of dry, hard stools.

The symptoms are as follows: Poor general condition, lack of enthusiasm and dull coat, more or less successful expulsive efforts may appear at the start of constipation.

Syndrome due to significant and prolonged secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex.

The main symptoms corresponding to this state of adrenal insufficiency are as follows: Fatigability, amyotrophy, muscle weakness, obesity, abdominal distention, nervous disorders in the event of an apophyseal tumor.

It is an infectious parasitic dermatosis, more or less inflammatory, due to the massive colonization of pilosebaceous follicles by a microscopic vermiform mite.

This dermatosis can have different forms: localized form, diffuse dry form.

The diagnosis must be made in the laboratory in order to identify the parasites responsible for the dermatosis.

It is a major dermatological condition caused by the presence of fleas in the dog's coat and whose bite causes immediate hypersensitivity reactions, the flea's saliva containing around fifteen allergens.

The dog whose skin itches will sometimes scratch until it bleeds.

Canine atopic dermatitis is a predominantly chronic dermatological condition, associating pruritus and non-specific inflammatory lesions whose locations are essential to take into account.

Concerning the symptoms, itching is the main warning sign, it can be expressed in the following ways: Licking, biting, rubbing or scratching.

This pruritus is initially cortico-sensitive but subsequently, the importance of superinfections and the negative influence of corticosteroid therapy on them reduce the relevance of this observation.

Atopic dermatitis is particularly chronic and does not heal spontaneously.

The clinical expression of nutritional dermatoses is not very specific.

Three types of relationships can be mentioned between diet and skin disorders: True deficiencies, intolerances, food allergies, conditions whose development is improved by the administration of nutrients.

Deficiencies can be responsible for this type of dermatosis: essential fatty acid deficiency, protein deficiency, vitamin deficiency, mineral deficiency.

Increased stool frequency and/or water content and/or volume.

The symptoms differ clearly depending on the duration of development and whether the origin of the disorders is in the small or large intestine.

This is a recent onset of diarrhea.

The essential symptoms are as follows: General signs: hyperthermia and torpor, anorexia but polydipsia, extracellular dehydration, shock.

The appearance of the stools, abdominal signs such as: possible vomiting, borborygmus, wall tension and pain on palpation, pain of intestinal origin.

Acute syndrome, due to the excessive accumulation of gas then liquids in the stomach followed or not by torsion of the organ.

The symptoms are as follows: Sudden onset of anxiety, generally shortly after a meal, vomiting, increasing deformation of the abdomen which becomes tense and painful on palpation, progressive dyspnea and the onset of a state of shock.

The intervertebral disc can undergo the following pathological processes: Degeneration with cartilaginous metaplasia of its central core, infection of bacterial origin.

The dog will feel severe pain which will result in an increased state of anxiety, hesitant movement and exaggerated fatigue.

A sprain is a joint condition caused by a movement exceeding physiological limits.

There are three degrees:

Benign sprain, where hypertension causes a simple vasomotor reaction.

The average sprain, where the movement caused a tearing of a ligament.

Serious or complicated sprain, where associated bone, cartilaginous or muscular lesions are added to the rupture or disinsertion of a ligament.

The numerous pathological processes likely to affect the liver result in one of the following two major syndromes: acute liver failure, chronic liver failure.

There may be more specific clinical aspects: Hepatic jaundice, hepatic ascites, hepatic encephalosis.

The following entities are also considered: liver cirrhosis, portosystemic shunts.

A fracture is an injury caused by the breakage of a bone.

The mechanism: shock, fall, pain, sudden and localized, functional impotence: it is painful or impossible to perform certain movements, deformation: formation of edema (swelling), angulation of the limb (fracture with displacement) , depression, the possible presence of a hematoma.

But these signs are not specific and can also indicate a joint problem (sprain, dislocation).

Conversely, some fractures present attenuated symptoms, such as the so-called “green wood” fracture in children, or a crack.

Radiography is the test of choice to demonstrate the presence of a fracture.

However, the x-ray can miss certain fractures,
mainly recent fractures without displacement.

This is dermatitis due to mites and characterized by violent pruritus, alopecia linked to scratching and a secondary kerato-seborrheic state with a marked tendency to secondary bacterial infections.

The main symptom is itching.

Acute digestive disorders with predominance of vomiting, linked to a breakdown in the integrity of the gastric mucosa following very diverse attacks: unsuitable, coarse or spoiled food, foreign bodies, indoor plants, chemical agents, parasites, agents infectious.

Gastritis can be isolated or associated with enteritis.

Syndrome characterized by irregular appetite, repeated vomiting and poor general condition.

In addition to the basic clinical examination, it is appropriate to carry out an examination
endoscopic in order to clarify the prognosis and guide the treatment.

The dog's hip is affected by growth abnormalities (dysplasia, osteonecrosis of the head of the femur), traumatic accidents and idiopathic or secondary osteoarthritis.

Contagious, virulent and inoculable disease.

If the infection, which is very widespread, most often remains unapparent, it can also result in a polymorphic disease such as gastroenteritis, lymphadenitis or even mortality in young puppies.

The essential symptoms to remember are: Hyperthermia, Tonsillitis, Adenitis, submaxillary and prescapular, uveitis.

The incubation period is 3 to 6 days.

A herniated disc is the protrusion of a portion of an intervertebral disc.

The essential symptoms are as follows: radicular pain, locomotor deficit (ataxia, paresis, paraplegia, quadriplegia, loss of proprioception, loss of nociception, urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence.

Hydration disorders result from an imbalance in sodium and/or water balances; they are very frequently observed in the clinic.

These imbalances can affect: the extracellular sector and the intracellular sector.

This involves using the means of stimulating the immune reactions of the dog's body, in order to promote the rejection of cancer cells.

Liver failure can lead to hemostasis disorders.

The platelet count is generally lowered.

The observed thrombocytopenia results from splenic sequestration of platelets, particularly during portal hypertension, abnormally high platelet consumption and bone marrow failure.
production due to abnormal metabolism of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the liver.

Sudden disruption of liver functions, related to extensive liver damage, but potentially reversible.

The main types of lesions are acute necrosis and inflammation, steatosis, which affect the majority of the organ and lead to biological syndromes of cytolysis and synthesis insufficiency.
and cholestasis.

Symptoms only appear with the destruction of more than 70% of the liver mass and are as follows: Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, polyuro-polydipsic syndrome, nervous disorders, frank jaundice, hemorrhagic syndrome due to lack of coagulation.

Progressive disruption of one or more liver functions.

The symptoms are: poor general condition, weight loss, various digestive disorders: dysorexia, diarrhea or constipation, polyuro-polydipsia syndrome.

Acute renal failure is characterized by the major and sudden failure of renal functions, particularly excretion.

The symptoms are:
Oligo-anuria, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, hypothermia, sometimes humoral and urinary disturbances are associated.

It is a progressive alteration of the excretory and endocrine functions of the kidney in relation to extensive (more than 70%) and irreversible lesions of the renal parenchyma.

Acute respiratory failure is defined as a sudden deficit in gas exchange resulting biologically in marked hypoxemia and possibly significant hypercapnia leading to respiratory acidosis.

The symptoms are:

Dyspnea of ​​various aspects (polypnea, inspiratory or expiratory efforts) or irregular breathing and possibly apnea, significant cyanosis, alteration of consciousness to varying degrees (torpor, coma) or anxiety, and extreme agitation.

The balance of the inspiration-expiration ratio is modified.

Expiratory dyspnea, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, bronchiectasis, intrathoracic tracheal collapse.

Three objectives are sought:

• Limit the resorption of the toxic,
• accelerate the elimination of the toxic agent already absorbed,
• counter its effects using antidotes.

The toxicant can penetrate transcutaneously but more often via the digestive tract.

Acute inflammation of the larynx can be associated with a general illness (rabies, distemper, adenovirus).

It can also be the consequence of incorrect tracheal intubation and the complication of a hacking cough or excessive barking.

The essential symptoms are: change in voice, strong and hacking cough easily triggered by palpation of the larynx, associated symptoms of a general illness.

Contagious diseases common to humans and many animal species, virulent and inoculable, due to the proliferation in the blood and tissues of bacteria of the Leptospira genus.

Alongside the three main classic forms of canine leptospirosis "leptospirotic hemorrhagic gastroenteritis", "leptospirotic jaundice" and "leptospirotic nephritis", less characteristic forms, the identification of which is directly linked to the new possibilities of serological diagnosis.

The stifle joint is constitutionally fragile because the femoral condyles are simply “placed” on the tibial plateau.

Please note that instability resulting from distension and/or rupture of the cruciate ligaments is the major cause of stifle osteoarthritis.

The formation of gallstones is much rarer in dogs than in humans.

However, it can occur in the gallbladder (possibly in relation to an infection) or in the common bile duct.

The pain is very rarely significant.

Urinary lithiasis can be classified into organ lithiasis or organism lithiasis.

Organ lithiasis is the consequence of a local cause of injury to the urinary tract causing stasis or infection.

Body lithiasis is the consequence of a metabolic disorder.

Autoimmune disease characterized by: anatomically and clinically by the attack, very polymorphic and by outbreaks of numerous organs: joints mainly, kidneys, skin and various blood lines.

On the biological level by the presence of high titers of serum antinuclear antibodies, responsible for the formation and then the deposition of circulating immune complexes.

Joint stability defect, congenital or acquired, leading to the incongruence of two opposing joint surfaces.

The main dislocations observed concern: The hip joint, the tarsal and carpal joints, the elbow joint, the stifle region.

We will observe intermittent lameness in the dog.

Lyme disease or borreliosis is a multi-systemic infectious zoonosis caused by a bacterium of the order Spirochaetales inoculated by ticks.

The dog can be infected following a tick bite after contact for at least 48 hours.

The main symptoms are the appearance of non-erosive arthritis, of sudden onset, intermittent and recurrent, evolving mainly on a single joint (especially the carpus), more rarely on several.

Inflammatory diseases of peripheral lymphatic vessels secondary to local infections (wounds, foreign bodies, inflammatory granuloma, lick wound) or tumors.

The essential symptoms are:

• An acute form of lymphedema,
• inflammatory syndrome of the region concerned,
• fatigue,
• fever,
• anorexia
• and a chronic form of granulomatous lesions, indurations and
  irreversible skin thickening.

The vomiting which characterizes travel sickness is the consequence of stimulation of the chemoreceptor center by stimuli of labyrinthine origin caused by the rhythmic mobilization of the head during transport.

Relatively rare diseases responding to the general mechanism of autoimmunity, which corresponds to the immunization of an organism against its own constituents.

It is very rarely diagnosed in isolation, however injuries to the medial meniscus (tearing of the body or posterior horn) are frequently associated with rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Localized trophic disorder of the articular cartilages, which partially necrose and release a sequester in the joint.

Osteochondrosis corresponds to a localized defect in the nutrition of the cartilage, resulting in necrosis then cracking and in the most advanced cases, the separation of a fragment of cartilage and the formation of a “joint mouse”.

The essential symptoms are lameness and/or forced manipulation of the affected joint which causes a painful reaction.

Osteopathy, characterized by significant metaphyseal changes leading to excessive bone production.

The essential symptoms in most cases concern large breed dogs around the age of 6 months, febrile syndrome, pain on palpation of the limbs, swollen metaphyses, acute renal failure,
lameness.

Rare osteopathy, characterized by osteopenia and possibly connective tissue proliferation occurring following autonomic hyperfunction of a parathyroid of tumor origin.

The essential symptoms generally appear in older animals: severe fatigue, lameness, very severe pain, fractures during handling or minor shocks.

Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone, most often of infectious origin.

The essential symptoms vary depending on the progressive, acute or
chronic: Lameness and/or refusal of support, localized edema,
fistulization.

Osteopathies of inflammatory origin often of bacterial origin and possibly linked to a foreign body.

Osteopathies of metabolic origin characterized by bone deficiency.

Osteopathies of genetic origin, osteopathies of unknown or debated origin: Acropachia, bone cysts, Barlow, pan osteitis, or osteopathy
cranio-mandibular.

Osteopathies of toxic origin or osteopathies of origin
tumor.

Osteopenia due to a lack of bone building.

It seems exceptional in carnivores, however, it is probable that certain general diseases of the puppy (Distemper or chronic conditions of the digestive tract) are accompanied by primary osteoporosis.

Bone disorder, of unknown etiology, mainly affecting young animals of large breeds.

It is characterized by lameness and/or pain on palpation of the long bones, intermittently affecting one or more limbs.

Contagious, virulent, inoculable disease caused by a Parvovirus characterized clinically by often hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.

Common in young dogs, parvovirus is also a breeding disease. The incubation period lasts 3 to 4 days.

The symptoms are as follows: Anorexia, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, significant dehydration.

Inflammation of the pleura with exudative type effusion whose nature can be serofibrinous (clear, citrine liquid rich in fibrin) or purulent.

The inflammation is most often of infectious origin, either by extension of a chest infection or by hematogenous route.

The essential symptoms are as follows: Liquid of variable color, more or less opaque, of high viscosity and density, rich in proteins and cellular elements.

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.

The following symptoms are noted: Dyspnea, discordance reflecting paralysis of the diaphragm, disappearance of respiratory sounds in relation to the liquid.

Inflammation of several joints, the term “polyarthritis” is reserved for arthritis of immunological origin, due to deposits of immune complexes.

These are the most common canine arthritis.

Joint inflammation, non-septic and independent of an infectious disease whose etiology is unknown and whose pathogenesis would involve an immunological mechanism.

It is the most common immunological arthritis in dogs.

The progression occurs in spurts with crude cases of pain on gentle palpation of the large joints or the spine.

With severe cases where the joint signs of inflammation become very pronounced during thermal outbreaks.

Joint inflammation that is not septic but secondary to a chronic infection.

The symptoms are:

Progressive growth, manifestations most often at the flexion of the stifle, carpus, or tarsus, evolution of an infectious focus located and more or less expressive clinically: general infection, tonsillitis, genital, bronchopulmonary, endocardial, spondilodiscal, periodontal, cutaneous, intestinal.

Rare polyarthritis in carnivores, preferentially affecting the distal joints of the limbs and characterized by significant and spectacular peri-articular bone changes.

Very low in frequency, rheumatoid arthritis tends to affect small breeds; age is irrelevant.

The symptoms are as follows: Localized and severe lameness and joint edema then deformities of the limbs particularly of the distal rays, febrile syndrome and lymphatic reaction.

These conditions are very diverse in nature and most often require additional examinations: ultrasound, intravenous urography and search for signs of CKD.

Syndrome characterized by vomiting delayed compared to eating poorly digested food, associated with poor gastric emptying, due to pyloric stenosis or more often an abnormality of stomach motility.

The essential symptoms are as follows: Vomiting several hours after meals, vomiting easily and in “jets”, progressive deterioration of general condition with clear weight loss.

Affection following violent effort, associating muscle lysis and a more or less pronounced state of acidosis.

The symptoms are as follows: Swelling of muscle masses, major tachypnea, dark coloring of urine, acute renal failure.

This syndrome corresponds to a nutritional deficit of digestive origin.

It may be due to a lack of absorption of nutrients by the wall. In dogs, the main cause of poor digestion is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

The causes of malabsorption are more numerous: chronic inflammation of the small intestine (parasitism, specific inflammation, bacterial proliferation), diffuse tumors, circulatory disease.

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized clinically by permanent and massive proteinuria leading to hypoalbuminemia most often causing peripheral edema or effusions in the thoracic and/or abdominal cavities.

This syndrome is characterized by increased urine production necessarily accompanied by excessive thirst.

Cutaneous mycoses affecting the skin and appendages, caused by the infectious development of fungi: Dermatophytes, which are characterized, in the parasitic state, by their adaptation to tissues containing keratin: skin and appendages, hair and claws.

Ringworms are very contagious.

Contamination occurs through the passage of a ringworm animal or, from the soil, of spores to a receptive carnivore (or man).

The symptoms are characterized by crusty alopecia on the face, kerions giving rise to a suppurative form with bacterial infection, cellulitis, onyxis and perionyxis.

Initially, tendinitis is linked to inflammation or tendon microtrauma, and sometimes in the most extreme cases we will notice the rupture of the gastrocnemius tendons (Achilles tendon) causing a plantigrade gait of the affected hind limb.

Inflammation of generally traumatic origin, of the peri-articular supporting tissues.

Here are the main specific entities (including true tendinitis = pathology of the tendons terminating the muscles and inserting into the peri-articular area), grouped by joint: Shoulder, tenosynovitis or rupture of the biceps brachii tendon, supraspinatus tendinitis, Grasset , trauma to the collateral ligaments, avulsion of the insertion of the common extensor digitorum tendon, avulsion of the tibio-patellar ligament, Tarsus, dislocation of the superficial flexor tendon.

Contagious tracheobronchitis, observed mainly in dogs, due to the pathogenic action of several micro-organisms acting in isolation or in combination.

The essential symptoms are that tracheobronchitis will affect
the general condition of the dog. The long evolution is 3 to 6 weeks, there may be
complication towards exudative pneumonia.

The main causes are obstruction (fading of light, of intrinsic or extrinsic origin) and occasion (motor disturbance).

The essential symptoms are vomiting and anorexia, weakness and dehydration, possibly passing small quantities of liquid and bloody stools, abdominal pain (with localized distension in certain cases): Analgesic position or pain exacerbated by palpation.

More common than traditionally thought, gastric ulcers of essentially peptic origin are located mainly in the antral region and at the beginning of the duodenum.

The main causes are: renal failure, serious inflammations, pancreatic astrinomas and mastocytomas, iatrogenic poisoning, or lead poisoning.

The essential symptoms are: Vomiting often containing blood clots or reddish-brown clots, poor general condition, possibility of anemia, progressively non-regenerative due to iron deficiency when diagnosis is delayed, melena, exacerbation of hematemesis, pain abdominal then shock during perforation.

Complex reflex act which results in the expulsion through the mouth of gastrointestinal contents.

Observation of the different phases of vomiting and in particular the powerful diaphragmatic and abdominal contractions make it possible to differentiate it from regurgitation (effortless reflux of the contents of the first digestive tract) and emetogenic cough.

Vomiting can occur in very diverse conditions, digestive or extra-digestive, as long as they cause stimulation of the bulbar emetic center, directly or indirectly of a chemoreceptive zone.